Submissions

Author Guidelines

Guideline Policy

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs considers manuscripts that are prepared in accordance with the guidelines established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) for ethical publishing practices. Authors are strongly encouraged to review and adhere to these guidelines to ensure the integrity, transparency, and quality of scholarly work.

The full set of guidelines can be accessed at: http://www.icmje.org

These standards encompass recommendations for manuscript preparation, authorship criteria, conflict of interest disclosures, and ethical considerations relevant to all types of academic publications.

General Guidelines of Manuscript Preparation

All manuscripts submitted to the International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs must adhere to the following preparation guidelines to ensure a smooth and ethical review process:

Conflict of Interest Form: Every submission must include a completed ICMJE Conflict of Interest Form. Authors are required to fill out this form and upload it as part of their submission files.

Blinded Manuscript: The main manuscript file must be anonymized by removing all identifiable information, including author names, institutional affiliations, and contact details, to maintain the integrity of the double-blind peer review process.

Title Page: A separate title page must be submitted containing the complete details of all contributing authors, including their full names, institutional affiliations, email addresses, and any declarations or acknowledgments. A covering letter should also be included in this document.

Author Metadata: Accurate metadata for all authors (names, ORCID IDs, affiliations, and emails) must be provided at the time of submission through the journal's online system.

Supplementary Documents: Authors must upload any relevant supporting documents as supplementary files. These may include:

• Authorship Declaration Form
• Consent to Publication Form (if applicable)
• Institutional Review Board (IRB) Approval Certificate (if applicable)
• Permissions for copyrighted material (if any)

Adherence to these guidelines is mandatory for manuscript consideration. Submissions not complying with these requirements may be returned for corrections prior to review.

Downloads

1. Instructions to the Authors
2. Authorship declaration form
3. Consent to publish form
4. ICMJE conflict of interest form (Please do not open in the browser. This form only works when opened directly in PDF viewing Softwares such as adobe reader)
5. Title page

Reporting Guidelines

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs strongly encourages authors to adhere to established reporting guidelines appropriate to the type of research being submitted. These guidelines help ensure transparency, completeness, and reproducibility of scholarly work.

Authors are expected to consult and follow the relevant reporting standards for their manuscript type, including but not limited to:

• CONSORT – for randomized controlled trials
• STROBE – for observational studies
• PRISMA – for systematic reviews and meta-analyses
• STARD – for studies of diagnostic accuracy
• CARE – for case reports

Authors should download and complete the appropriate checklist corresponding to their study type and submit it along with the manuscript as a supplementary file during the submission process.

Following these guidelines enhances the quality and reliability of published research and aligns with international best practices in scholarly publishing.

Manuscript Preparation

The manuscripts should accompany a title page.

Title Page
The Title Page contains essential information about the manuscript and the contributing authors. It must be submitted as a separate file and should not be merged with the main manuscript. This ensures the integrity of the double-blind peer-review process.

The Title Page must include the following:

Article Title

A concise and informative title that reflects the content of the manuscript.

1. Author Information
   Include full names of all authors along with: Department(s) and institutional affiliation(s) Email address of each author ORCID ID (optional but recommended) Clearly identify the Corresponding Author with an asterisk (*) and provide a complete mailing address for correspondence.
2. Disclaimers (if any)
   For example: "The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of their affiliated institutions."
3. Sources of Support
   List any financial support such as grants, funding agencies, institutional support, equipment, or materials provided for the research.
4. Conflict of Interest / Disclosure of Relationships and Activities
   Include a conflict of interest statement generated using the ICMJE Conflict of Interest Form.
5. Acknowledgments
   Mention individuals, organizations, or agencies who contributed to the work but do not qualify for authorship.
6. Consent to Publication
   Include the following statement if applicable:
   "Author(s) declared taking informed written consent for the publication of clinical photographs/material (if any used), from the legal guardian of the patient with an understanding that every effort will be made to conceal the identity of the patient, however it cannot be guaranteed."
   The consent form must be submitted as a supplementary file.
7. Author Contribution
   Specify individual contributions according to ICMJE Authorship Criteria. For example:
   "Author(s) declared to fulfill authorship criteria as devised by ICMJE and approved the final version. Authorship declaration form indicating individual contribution, submitted by the author(s), is available with the editorial office."
8. IRB Approval Status and Number
   Required for original research articles involving human or animal subjects.
9. Trial Registration Number
   Required for randomized controlled trials (RCTs).
10. Word Count
    Provide the word count of the manuscript's main text, excluding abstract, references, tables, and figures.
11. Number of Figures and Tables
12. Covering Letter
    A brief letter addressed to the Editor-in-Chief outlining the significance of the work, its originality, and confirming that the manuscript is not under review elsewhere.

Abstract

Structured abstracts are mandatory for the following types of submissions: original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, narrative review articles, case series, and case reports. Each category requires a format-specific structure to enhance clarity and standardization.

• Original Research Article: The abstract must be structured into four clear subheadings: Background, Methods, Results, Conclusion At the end of the abstract, include 3–5 keywords or MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to facilitate indexing and searchability.
• Systematic Review / Meta-analysis: The abstract must be structured into four subheadings: Background, Methods, Results, Conclusion Additionally, include the Trial Registration Number (if applicable).
  If the trial was not registered, please write: "Unregistered trial."
  Conclude the abstract with 3–5 keywords/MeSH terms.
• Case Series: The abstract should follow a 3-part structure: Background, Results, Conclusion Include 3–5 keywords/MeSH terms at the end of the abstract.
• Case Reports: The abstract must be structured into: Background, Case Presentation, Conclusion Conclude with 3–5 keywords/MeSH terms.
• Other Article Types: For all other manuscript categories where an abstract is required, an unstructured abstract should be submitted summarizing the content of the manuscript. Authors must also provide 3–5 keywords/MeSH terms at the end.

Introduction

The Introduction should clearly establish the context and relevance of the study by presenting the background of the research problem and its significance within the field of business management, legal affairs, or their intersection. Authors are expected to explain the broader landscape of the issue, including prevailing challenges, policy implications, or theoretical gaps that necessitate the current investigation.

The section must also clearly state the research objective, purpose, or hypothesis being tested or explored, preferably within 1–2 concise paragraphs. This sets the stage for the rest of the manuscript and guides the reader on what to expect.

Authors should include only 3–5 directly relevant references to support the context, avoiding over-citation. Do not include specific results or conclusions from the current study within this section.

Methods

• The Methods section should provide sufficient detail to allow the replication of the study by other researchers with access to the data. This includes a comprehensive description of the research design, data sources, tools, and procedures applied in the investigation of issues relevant to business management and legal affairs.
• A clear statement must be included indicating that the research was approved by an appropriate ethical review board or institutional review committee (if applicable), particularly in studies involving human subjects or sensitive data.
• Authors should specify:
• Setting where the study was conducted (e.g., institution, organization, corporate environment, legal body, etc.).
• Timeframe during which the study took place.
• Study design used (e.g., case study, cross-sectional, experimental, qualitative, survey-based, legal doctrinal analysis, etc.).
• Inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants or data sources.
• The primary and secondary objectives or outcomes of the study.
• Detailed information about methods and procedures, including any instruments, software tools (e.g., SPSS, NVivo, R), and their respective manufacturers and versions (in parentheses).
• Any legal databases, financial datasets, or organizational documents used in the research, along with how they were accessed and analyzed.
• Authors should cite established methods with appropriate references. For lesser-known or modified methodologies, a concise explanation with justification and potential limitations should be included.
• If applicable, chemicals, drugs, or interventions should be identified using generic names, dosages, and methods of administration. Use proper nomenclature for legal statutes, financial models, or economic indicators.
• Finally, the statistical analysis should be explained thoroughly, including the statistical software used, analytical techniques, and rationale for the chosen methods. Avoid reliance solely on p-values; report confidence intervals, effect sizes, or other relevant statistical measures to convey the precision and strength of the findings.

Results

• The Results section should present findings in a logical and clear sequence, supported by tables, figures, and textual summaries. Begin with the most significant outcomes and follow with secondary or supporting results. The information must align with the objectives and outcomes described in the Methods section.
• Present primary and secondary findings explicitly.
• Avoid redundancy by summarizing data in the text while presenting full details in well-organized tables and figures.
• Use absolute numbers alongside derived statistics (e.g., percentages or ratios) to provide clarity and allow for verification.
• Do not repeat data across tables and figures—choose the format that most effectively conveys the findings.
• Where applicable, results may be organized under subheadings, such as:
• Demographic and Descriptive Data: Include participant characteristics or profile of surveyed organizations (e.g., industry type, size, legal structure).
• Presentation of Key Issues: Present core business/legal challenges or areas of inquiry explored in the study.
• Management/Legal Response: Describe interventions, strategies, legal interpretations, or business practices assessed.
• Outcomes and Impacts: Report on the effectiveness, compliance, performance changes, or legal resolutions based on the intervention or analysis.
• Supplementary information, extended data tables, or technical appendices may be submitted as supporting documents, particularly when too detailed for inclusion in the main text but essential for transparency.
• Use graphs or charts when they offer a clearer visual representation than tables, and avoid duplication of data between visual formats.
• Refrain from non-technical use of statistical terms. Use terms such as “statistically significant,” “correlation,” or “randomized” only where appropriately supported by methodology. If applicable, stratify results by relevant demographic or organizational variables (e.g., firm size, jurisdiction, gender of participants), unless a clear rationale is provided for not doing so.

Discussion & Conclusion

• The Discussion section should begin with a concise summary of the key findings of the study, highlighting the most significant results and how they contribute to the existing body of knowledge in business management or legal affairs. Authors are encouraged to explore potential mechanisms or contextual factors that may explain these findings.
• Emphasize the novel contributions and how your results compare with or diverge from those in the existing literature. Interpret the findings in light of relevant theories, legal precedents, business frameworks, or comparative industry practices, and critically analyze their practical or policy implications.
• Authors should clearly state the limitations of their study—be it sample size, methodological constraints, jurisdictional focus, or access to data—and how these might influence the interpretation of the findings. Where applicable, discuss the role and potential influence of variables such as organizational type, industry, region, gender, or other demographic and structural factors.
• Avoid repeating detailed data already presented in the Results section. Instead, use this space to offer a meaningful interpretation, link findings to the study objectives, and explore directions for future research, such as:
• Expansion to different jurisdictions or sectors.
• Longitudinal studies to evaluate changes over time.
• Inclusion of more diverse or underrepresented perspectives.
• In the Conclusion, provide a concise and clear statement that reflects the overall significance of the findings, aligned with the study’s aims. Avoid overstating results or drawing conclusions not directly supported by the data.
• Differentiate between statistical significance and practical/business relevance. Avoid making claims about cost-effectiveness or financial benefits unless supported by a formal economic analysis.
• Lastly, refrain from implying publication precedence or referencing unpublished or incomplete work. Any new hypotheses should be proposed explicitly and identified as exploratory to encourage further investigation.

References

General Considerations Related to References

• Authors are expected to provide accurate and direct references to original research sources whenever possible to ensure the reliability and traceability of the scholarly work.
• References must not be used to serve personal, institutional, or commercial interests of the authors, editors, or reviewers. Self-citation should be limited and justified by relevance to the current work.
• Authors must avoid citing articles from predatory or pseudo-journals. While review articles may serve as a useful summary of the literature, they should not replace proper referencing of original research, as review articles may not always faithfully represent the underlying studies.
• Overly extensive reference lists should be avoided. Instead, authors should aim to cite a concise selection of key original studies that support the findings and arguments presented. This not only conserves space but also ensures clarity and focus. For additional reading, references can be included in supplementary materials or accessed through digital databases.
• When referencing unpublished work, authors should follow these guidelines:
• Articles accepted but not yet published should be cited as “in press” or “forthcoming.”
• Manuscripts that have been submitted but not accepted should be referenced as “unpublished observations” and must include written permission from the authors.
• Personal communications should be cited only when essential and not available through public sources. In such cases, include the name of the communicator and the date of the communication in parentheses in the main text. Written permission and confirmation of the accuracy of the information must be obtained.
• Where applicable, published articles should cite the unique and persistent identifiers (e.g., DOI) of datasets or databases that have been used in the research.
• References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first cited in the text. Use Arabic numerals in parentheses for in-text citations, e.g.,
  “Corporate governance plays a vital role in risk mitigation strategies [1].”
• All references must conform to the citation style specified in the Author Guidelines, and authors should ensure consistency and completeness of all reference entries.

Reference Style and Format

International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs follows the Vancouver referencing style, in accordance with the guidelines outlined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and detailed in the NLM’s Citing Medicine, 2nd edition.

General Guidelines

• References must be numbered consecutively in the order of first citation in the text.
• Reference numbers should be placed in square brackets, immediately after the full stop, e.g.: Strategic leadership enhances organizational resilience. [1,2]
• Use "et al." after the sixth author in a citation.
• Avoid referencing predatory or pseudo-journals.
• Personal communications should be cited only when essential and must include the source and date in parentheses, with permission.
• Cite datasets using unique and persistent identifiers where available.
• Unpublished work should be indicated as "in press" (if accepted) or "unpublished observations" with written permission.

Reference Examples
1. Article within a journal: Koonin EV, Altschul SF, Bork P. BRCA1 protein products: functional motifs. Nat Genet. 1996;13:266-7.

2. Article within a journal supplement: Orengo CA, Bray JE, Hubbard T, LoConte L, Sillitoe I. Analysis and assessment of ab initio three-dimensional prediction, secondary structure, and contacts prediction. Proteins. 1999;43(Suppl 3):149-70.

3. In press article: Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Clinical aspects of exhaled nitric oxide. Eur Respir J. In press.

4. Published abstract: Zvaifler NJ, Burger JA, Marinova-Mutafchieva L, Taylor P, Maini RN. Mesenchymal cells, stromal-derived factor-1, and rheumatoid arthritis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42:250.

5. Article within conference proceedings: Jones X. Zeolites and synthetic mechanisms. In: Proceedings of the First National Conference on Porous Sieves; 1996 Jun 27–30; Baltimore. Edited by Smith Y. Stoneham: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996. p. 16-27.

6. Book chapter or article within a book: Schnepf E. From prey via endosymbiont to plastids: comparative studies in dinoflagellates. In: Lewin RA, editor. Origins of Plastids. Vol 2. 2nd ed. New York: Chapman and Hall; 1993. p. 53-76.

7. Whole issue of a journal: Ponder B, Johnston S, Chodosh L, editors. Innovative oncology. Breast Cancer Res. 1998;10:1-72.

8. Whole conference proceedings: Smith Y, editor. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Porous Sieves; 1996 Jun 27–30; Baltimore. Stoneham: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1996.

9. Complete book: Margulis L. Origin of Eukaryotic Cells. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1970.

10. Monograph or book in a series: Hunninghake GW, Gadek JE. The alveolar macrophage. In: Harris TJR, editor. Cultured Human Cells and Tissues. New York: Academic Press; 1995. p. 54-56. (Stoner G, series editor. Methods and Perspectives in Cell Biology; vol. 1.)

11. Book with institutional author: Advisory Committee on Genetic Modification. Annual Report. London; 1999.

12. Ph.D. thesis: Kohavi R. Wrappers for performance enhancement and oblivious decision graphs [Ph.D. thesis]. Stanford (CA): Stanford University, Computer Science Department; 1995.

13. Online journal article: Saha S. Live workshops: A time to rethink. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg [serial online]. 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 18];23:55-6. Available from: http://www.jiaps.com/text.asp?2018/23/2/55/228894 

Tables

• Tables should be used to present data clearly, concisely, and efficiently, allowing for easier interpretation and comparison. They should complement the text rather than duplicate it, and be designed to provide a high level of detail and precision without overloading the narrative content.
• Each table must be self-explanatory, with a brief yet descriptive title placed above the table. The title should enable the reader to understand the table’s content independently of the text.
• Tables must be numbered consecutively in the order of their first citation in the text (e.g., Table 1, Table 2, etc.).
• Each column should have a short or abbreviated heading, and any nonstandard abbreviations must be explained in footnotes below the table, not in the heading.
• Use *symbols or superscripts (e.g., , †, ‡) to explain data points or include clarification notes. Define these clearly in the footnote section.
• Avoid repeating the same data from the text within tables. Instead, use tables to summarize important results or comparisons.
• If data are derived from another published or unpublished source, include proper acknowledgment and obtain necessary permissions.
• Supplementary tables that provide extended datasets too lengthy for the main print version may be published electronically. An explanatory note must be added in the main text indicating where these tables can be accessed (e.g., "Supplementary Table 1 available in the online version of this article").
• Submission Requirements:
• Submit all tables as editable text, not as images.
• Clearly indicate their placement within the manuscript by noting (e.g., [Insert Table 1 here]) in the appropriate location.
• All tables must be submitted along with the manuscript to ensure availability to peer reviewers during the review process.

Illustrations (Figures)

• Figures and illustrations enhance the clarity and impact of the manuscript and should be used to support the data presented in the text. Authors must ensure that all images are of high quality and resolution to meet publication standards.
• Image Format & Quality: Submit all images in high-resolution TIFF or JPEG format. Images must be sharp and clear—pixilated or low-resolution images will not be accepted for publication.
• Clinical & Diagnostic Images: Radiological scans, diagnostic images, pathology specimens, and photomicrographs should be submitted in high resolution. Before-and-after images must be captured under consistent conditions (same light direction, intensity, and color).
• Photomicrographs: These must include internal scale markers. Any arrows, symbols, or letters used should contrast distinctly with the background for clear visibility. The scale and staining technique must be identified in the figure legend.
• Figure Numbering: All figures should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they appear in the text (e.g., Figure 1, Figure 2, etc.).
• Previously Published Figures: If a figure has already been published elsewhere, authors must acknowledge the original source and provide written permission from the copyright holder to reproduce it. This is required regardless of authorship or publisher, except for figures in the public domain.
• Legends for Illustrations: A separate page should be included in the manuscript file containing figure legends, clearly labeled with Arabic numerals corresponding to each figure. If illustrations contain symbols, letters, or arrows, their meanings must be explained explicitly in the legends.
• Note: Figures should not be embedded in the text body. Instead, indicate figure placement in the manuscript by noting (e.g., [Insert Figure 1 here]).

Units of Measurement

• To maintain consistency and clarity in scientific communication, all units of measurement used in submissions to the International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs should adhere to the following guidelines:
• Metric System: Report measurements of length, height, weight, and volume using the metric system (e.g., meter, kilogram, liter) or their decimal multiples (e.g., millimeter, gram, milliliter).
• Temperature: All temperature values must be expressed in degrees Celsius (°C).
• Blood Pressure: Should be reported in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) unless specific requirements dictate otherwise.
• Laboratory Values: Laboratory data should be presented in both local units and the International System of Units (SI) to enhance global understanding.
• Drug Concentrations: May be reported in either SI units or mass-based units (e.g., mmol/L or mg/mL). Where one is used, the alternate unit should be included in parentheses to facilitate clarity and comparison.
• Authors are encouraged to be consistent in the use of units throughout the manuscript and to avoid mixing unit systems within a single section or dataset. Proper and uniform use of measurement units enhances readability and accuracy in scientific reporting.

Abbreviations and Symbols

• To ensure clarity and readability for a broad audience, the following guidelines regarding the use of abbreviations and symbols must be followed:
• Standard Abbreviations Only: Authors should use only standard, widely recognized abbreviations. The use of nonstandard or invented abbreviations should be avoided, as they may confuse or mislead readers.
• No Abbreviations in Title and Abstract: Abbreviations should not be used in the title or abstract of the manuscript. These sections should remain as clear and descriptive as possible for indexing and broader accessibility.
• First Mention Rule: Upon first use in the main text, abbreviations must be spelled out in full, followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. For example: Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Subsequent mentions can use the abbreviation alone.
• Units of Measurement Exception: Standard units of measurement (e.g., kg, cm, mL) do not require definition or expansion, as they are universally accepted.
• Symbols: Use symbols consistently and ensure they conform to standard scientific usage. Symbols should be clearly defined when they first appear in the text or in legends to tables and figures.
• Proper and consistent use of abbreviations and symbols enhances comprehension and ensures uniformity across articles.

Types of Manuscripts

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs accepts a diverse range of manuscript types to encourage academic discourse and practical insights within the fields of business, management, and legal studies. Editorials are typically invited by the editorial board and provide expert commentary or highlight emerging issues, trends, or innovations. Original Research Articles should present significant and original findings in areas such as corporate governance, financial management, international business law, organizational behavior, and entrepreneurship. These manuscripts must include a structured abstract (divided into Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusion), 3–5 keywords, and clearly organized sections including Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. The Introduction should present the research rationale and objectives; Methods must outline the research design, data collection, analysis techniques, and tools used; Results should be reported clearly without duplication; the Discussion should interpret findings in the context of current literature; and the Conclusion must summarize key messages and limitations.

Review Articles, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and narrative reviews, are encouraged and must follow recognized guidelines such as PRISMA, particularly for systematic reviews. Brief Reports or Case Series offer concise presentations of original research or grouped case experiences and follow the same structure as full-length original articles but are limited to 1500 words, three figures or tables, and 15–20 references. Case Reports describe rare or novel business or legal phenomena. These should not exceed 1000–1200 words and must include an abstract, keywords, introduction, case description, discussion, and conclusion, with a limit of three figures/tables and ten references.

Letters to the Editor should address recent articles or provide brief commentary on relevant topics, limited to 500 words and five references. Case Letters are short reports on individual business or legal cases, do not require an abstract, and should be limited to 500 words, five references, and up to two images. The journal also accepts Images or Legal-Management Quizzes, which include visual presentations such as business charts, legal infographics, or regulatory frameworks, with explanatory notes or questions, not exceeding 500 words and five references.

Additionally, the journal considers submissions in other innovative formats such as Short Communications, Clinical Practice Insights, Face the Examiner (debates or expert Q&A), Evidence-Based Reports, and Athena’s Pages for thought leadership and strategic insights. All submissions must comply with the journal’s formatting and ethical standards and will be peer-reviewed unless specified otherwise.

Manuscript Submission

The manuscript can be submitted online at the journal's website (https://ijbmla.com/index.php). Figures/tables may be submitted separately or embedded in the word file. However, a maximum of 4MB size of an individual file is allowed.

Authorship Criteria

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs emphasizes ethical authorship practices and the appropriate acknowledgment of scholarly contributions. To ensure transparency and proper credit, all submitted manuscripts must include a detailed authorship contribution statement, even though this information may not be published alongside the article at this time.

An “author” is defined as someone who has made a substantive intellectual contribution to the research work and manuscript. To qualify as an author, an individual must meet all of the following criteria:

1. Substantial contributions to the conception or design of the work; or the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data.
2. Involvement in drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for significant intellectual content.
3. Final approval of the version to be published and a willingness to take public responsibility for the content.

Merely acquiring funding, collecting data, or general oversight of the research group or project does not constitute sufficient grounds for authorship. Similarly, suggesting the research topic or idea without engagement in execution or analysis does not warrant authorship.

All authors must read and approve the final manuscript before submission. Those who contributed to the research but do not meet the criteria for authorship—such as individuals who provided technical assistance, editorial support, or administrative oversight—should be acknowledged in the Acknowledgments section with their consent.

The journal expects authorship to reflect actual work done and discourages both honorary and ghost authorship. Authorship disputes, if any, will be handled in line with COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines.

Copyrights

By submitting the manuscript the author/s transfer rights of first publication to the journal office.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is like theft of some one’s intellectual property. This is highly discouraged in the journal. On finding plagiarism, authors would be informed to clarify their point and act to remove the same. For rectification of such matters, the editors would act according to the COPE’s guidelines.

Archiving Policy

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs is committed to the long-term preservation and accessibility of published content. To ensure the durability and continuous availability of its scholarly material, the journal utilizes the LOCKSS (Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe) system. This system enables a distributed archiving network among participating libraries, allowing them to create and maintain permanent archives of the journal’s content for purposes of preservation, restoration, and continued access.

This decentralized approach to digital preservation ensures that even in the event of server failure or data loss, the journal’s articles remain accessible to readers and researchers worldwide. The journal encourages and supports archiving by libraries and repositories to safeguard the integrity and availability of academic research.

Postpublication Dispersion

Authors of the International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs are fully permitted and encouraged to share the published version of their manuscript across a variety of platforms. This includes depositing the article in open access repositories, sharing on social media, academic discussion groups, institutional websites, or distributing it for personal or professional use.

The journal operates under a Creative Commons Attribution License, which allows for unrestricted distribution, reproduction, and use of the work in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited. Authors retain the right to disseminate their work broadly, thereby enhancing its visibility, reach, and impact within the academic and professional communities.

Case Report

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs publishes case reports that highlight interesting, novel, or exceptionally rare business or legal scenarios with significant academic or practical value. The title of such manuscripts should include the phrase “A case report” at the end, following a colon.

The case presentation should be written in comprehensive detail. It must include all relevant background information such as the organizational or legal context, timeline of events, key individuals or stakeholders involved, nature of the issue or dispute, the strategy or course of action adopted, resources utilized, legal or managerial interventions implemented, and the final outcome. When applicable, supporting data such as financials, timelines, strategic documents, or legal filings should be referenced or included in appendices.

The discussion section should thoroughly analyze all aspects of the case, critically reviewing the decisions made and evaluating them against current best practices, legal frameworks, or strategic management theories. A literature-based approach should be used to contextualize the findings, citing comparable cases or precedents. Authors are encouraged to include data on how frequently similar cases have occurred, and whether they follow any recognizable trends or deviations from norms.

Recent literature must be referenced, with no more than 20% of citations predating 2010, to ensure the discussion is current and relevant. All figures or supporting visuals must be of high quality and submitted in JPEG or TIFF format. Low-resolution or pixilated images will not be accepted.

Innovation & Technique

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs welcomes manuscripts that present innovative methods, models, tools, or techniques in the domains of business strategy, legal practice, corporate governance, dispute resolution, regulatory compliance, or organizational management. Submissions under this category should focus primarily on the originality, practical application, and effectiveness of the innovation or technique introduced.

The manuscript should provide a comprehensive and detailed description of the innovation or technique, including its design, development process, theoretical foundations (if any), and the context in which it was implemented. Authors must clearly demonstrate how the innovation addresses existing gaps or challenges and contributes to improved outcomes, efficiency, or legal/business performance.

Safety, reliability, legal compliance, and potential risks or limitations of the innovation or technique should also be discussed. Where applicable, supporting data or preliminary results demonstrating its success or applicability in real-world scenarios should be included.

This category is intended to foster creative solutions and encourage the adoption of new approaches within business and legal disciplines.

Quality Improvement Project

The International Journal of Business Management and Legal Affairs encourages the submission of Quality Improvement Projects (QIPs) that aim to enhance processes, systems, services, or outcomes within the spheres of business management or legal practice. Submissions may include structured initiatives such as business audits, policy reviews, risk assessments, Six Sigma methodologies, Lean strategies, or Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles.

Manuscripts should clearly define the problem or area targeted for improvement, including baseline data or situational analysis where relevant. Authors must describe the intervention or change implemented, the methodology followed, and the outcomes achieved, supported by appropriate metrics. It is essential to highlight the sustainability of the improvements, stakeholder engagement, and any barriers encountered during implementation.

The aim of this section is to foster a culture of continuous improvement, accountability, and innovation in professional practice. Projects demonstrating replicable results and evidence-based practices that can inform broader policy or operational strategies are especially encouraged.